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The ABCs of Juvenile Court

Trisha McCulloch • Dec 03, 2020

Finding your family in juvenile court for an abuse and neglect case can be very scary, stressful, and intimidating. There are many nuisances, acronyms, procedural differences, and important timelines that are thrown at you during a time when your main priority is getting your child back as soon as possible. In order to help you through this difficult process, this article explains the important acronyms and terms that you might hear during a juvenile case.    

AC (Alternative Care). Licensed or court-ordered placements outside of the family home. 

Adjudication. At this hearing, the parents may either admit that the allegations in the petition are true or deny they are true. If the parents deny they are true, a contested hearing will be scheduled. If the court, after a contested hearing, does not take jurisdiction, then all proceedings are dismissed and no further court involvement will occur. 

APPLA (Another Planned Permanent Living Arrangement).  A Permanency Goal for a child that is 16 years or older. This option is an appropriate case goal when there is a specific long-term placement for a child and when it has been documented to the court that compelling reasons exist which make other permanency options unacceptable. 

ASFA (Adoption and Safe Families Act). Federal law passed by Congress on behalf of children in foster care. This act provides time frames for child welfare agencies and courts to move a child through the foster care system so the child will not be living in foster care indefinitely. ASFA states that a petition for TPR (termination of parental rights) must be filed if a child has been in out-of-home care for 15 of the most recent 22 months, or a child is an abandoned infant. There are exceptions to this timeline that should be noted. A TPR does not need to be filed if the child is in the care of relatives, CD (Children’s Division) has a documented compelling reason why TPR is not in the best interest of the child, or CD has failed to provide reasonable efforts to the family. 

CASA (Court Appointed Special Advocate).  A trained volunteer appointed by the judge who advocates for the child. The CASA will provide a written recommendation to the Judge at each hearing. Not all cases have a CASA assigned. Typically, the FST (Family Support Team) will determine whether a CASA is appropriate and will make a request to the judge for one to be appointed. The CASA is assigned to a case and continues to serve as CASA until the case is finalized. 
 
Case Review. Once the dispositional hearing is held, case review hearings are held periodically until the child is reunited with the parents or jurisdiction is terminated by achieving another case goal (guardianship, adoption, etc.). These hearings can be held every 30, 60, or 90 days depending on the progress made on the court ordered service plans.

CD (Children’s Division). The state agency who takes legal and physical custody of a child when a child enters alternative care. It is possible that a Contracted Agency takes legal and physical custody of a child rather than Children’s Division. A case manager is assigned and is responsible for or overseeing the case involving the child. The case manager ensures the child is in an appropriate placement, as well as helping parents find services to complete their written service plans. 

Disposition. If the court does take jurisdiction of the child at the time of adjudication, the court will set a disposition hearing. At this hearing, the Case Manager will recommend a Written Service Plan. All services necessary to achieve reunification of the child will be listed in the service plan. If the FST agrees to the services, the Court will order it be completed. If everyone cannot agree, a contested disposition hearing will be held. 

DJO (Deputy Juvenile Officer).  The Juvenile Office staff assigned to a case involving a juvenile in the legal custody of CD. This individual represents the Juvenile Office in most court hearings and at FST meetings. The DJO is represented by the juvenile attorney, and at court hearings, both the DJO and the attorney for the Juvenile Office are present. 

DMH (Department of Mental Health).  A department within the Missouri government which provides mental health services to an individual in need of services. 

DSS (Department of Social Services).  A department within the Missouri government which oversees multiple agencies responsible for providing other services to its citizens, including CD, DMH and DYS (Division of Youth Services). 

ER (Extreme Recruitment). An agency that works with the FST when a TPR has occurred and the child does not have an adoptive placement and all other options have been exhausted to find an adoptive placement for the child. This agency will meet frequently with the FST to update as to their progress in their extensive and tireless search for relatives, kinship options and traditional adoptive resources to ensure the child is able to achieve permanency through adoption. 

FCS (Family Centered Services).  Services provided by CD to families. 

FSD (Family Support Division).  A division within DSS responsible for Income Maintenance and family support services. 

FST (Family Support Team).  This team consists of the parents, parents’ attorneys, the child if over the age of 14, the Case Manager, the foster or relative placement provider, the GAL (Guardian ad Litem), the DJO, the CASA volunteer and any other family members or friends that the parents can rely on to assist and provide support. The FST meets regularly to determine services and treatment needs, to develop a plan for reunification or other permanency options, to determine appropriate placement of the child, to evaluate case progress and make changes as needed to the case plan. 

GAL (Guardian ad Litem).  The attorney appointed by the court to represent and protect the best interests of a child in the legal custody of Children’s Division. If a CASA is appointed, the GAL and the CASA work closely to ensure they both are kept apprised of the case to help determine the appropriate case goal for the child. The GAL attends court hearings, team meetings, and makes recommendations to the court regarding the best interest of the child. 

ICPC (Interstate Compact for Placement of Children).  In the event placement with an out-of-state relative or kinship provider is recommended by the FST and appropriate for the child, the provider has to go through the ICPC process to ensure that all of the same requirements are being met in the other state and that the child is still being properly monitored in that state. This process is very lengthy and time consuming. If the ICPC is approved, the child and the placement provider will have a case manager in both states and the case managers will communicate frequently so that the FST in the original state is kept up to date on the child. 

ILA (Independent Living Arrangement).  A child or young adult (under 21) living on his/her own under supervision. The individual’s custody may or may not be assigned to CD. 

ILP (Independent Living Program).  Helps a child or young adult (between 15 and 21) who has been in out-of-home placement to become self-sufficient in the community and learn to live independently. 

Permanency Hearing.  This hearing must be held within 12 months of the child entering foster care. This hearing determines the permanency plan for the child and if CD has made reasonable efforts to finalize the permanency plan. This hearing is held annually. 

Permanency Review Hearing. This hearing may be heard as often as necessary after each Permanency Hearing, but must be held at least every six months during the period of time the child remains in care after the initial Permanency Hearing. The purpose of these hearings is to ensure the case goal is the most appropriate option for the child. 

PPRT (Permanency Planning Review Team Meeting). The administrative process conducted for the purpose of objectively determining the continued appropriateness of a child’s placement, a child’s progress in care toward the short- and long-range goals, and the need for continued care. The FST is invited to these meetings and a third party reviewer to ensure the meeting is objectively held. The third party is allowed to ask questions during the meeting and offer any insight that might have not been provided by the FST. 

TDM (Team Decision Making Meeting).  A facilitated meeting to determine if a child needs to move to a new home (or other change in placement) to ensure the safety of the child and/or stability. The meeting includes a diverse group of people who seek to make a recommendation based on information shared during the TDM by all participants. Parents and their attorneys are invited to these meetings and encouraged to attend to give their input on the next placement for the child.

TPR  (Termination of Parental Rights).  The ending of all legal ties of a parent to his/her child. This is one of the case goals available to the FST once it is believed that the parents are not going to be able to achieve reunification in a timely manner. 

WSP (Written Service Plan).  A document developed by CD, the parents and the FST that lists goals and tasks to be completed for reunification of the child with the parent(s). 

If you are interested in learning more about abuse and neglect juvenile cases, please contact the firm today to schedule a time to talk to one of our experienced attorneys. 



02 Jan, 2024
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17 Nov, 2023
Once again, The Center for Family Law has been ranked as a 2024 "Best Law Firm" by U.S. News & World Reports in the area of family law in St. Louis.
By Allison Gerli 21 Aug, 2023
Navigating family law can be a complex and daunting process. That's why the recent Missouri Bar Family Law Conference brought together Missouri attorneys in the field to share insights and best practices. Attorneys at The Center for Family Law were among the presenters and in attendance at the 23rd annual conference held in Branson, Missouri. Their presentations focused on managing client expectations, initial consultation, drafting documents, case management, and grandparent visitation, third-party custody, and guardianships. Initial Consultation & Managing Client Expectations To ensure a positive attorney-client relationship, it is crucial to establish clear expectations from the very beginning. This was the focus of Allison Gerli's presentation at the conference. Allison co-presented with Andrea Pate, a family law attorney and partner at The Law Office of the Ozarks. It is crucial for attorneys to establish a solid foundation of trust and communication with their clients from day one, as this sets the tone for the entire legal process. Allison stressed the significance of active listening and open dialogue during these initial meetings, allowing clients to express their concerns and goals. Allison's presentation also highlighted the importance of transparency in managing client expectations. Attorneys should provide honest assessments of their clients' cases, outlining both the strengths and potential challenges they may face. By setting realistic expectations from the outset, attorneys can help clients navigate the legal process with confidence and a clear understanding of what lies ahead. The presentation then shifted to the importance of talking to clients about process options. Often practitioners focus on the substance and overlook the process. Clients have options on how to resolve their disputes and this should be presented and supported by practitioners. The Center for Family Law prides itself on process options and educating clients on their options, whether that by an uncontested "kitchen table" style divorce, collaborative divorce process, mediation, or a semi-litigated case resolved through cooperative attorneys sitting down to work through issues. Case Management Case management is critical to providing quality services to family law clients. Ann Bauer's presentation at the conference provided valuable insights and best practices in this area. Ann co-presented with Kristen Siegel, a family law attorney and partner at Siegal & Irwin, LLC based in Lee’s Summit, Missouri. Kristin covered the importance of carefully drafting court pleadings. In terms of case management, Ann highlighted the importance of document organization, keeping track of deadlines, and timely communication with clients. Attorneys must keep track of deadlines, court appearances, and client meetings to ensure cases progress smoothly. Clear and frequent communication with clients is crucial. Clients want to know what is going on, and not to be left wondering. It is important to provide updates, address concerns, and gather necessary information for the client’s case. Ann also discussed the significance of effective document management as a part of case management. Maintaining well-organized and easily accessible files can streamline the legal process and ensure important documents and information are readily available. F.amily law cases are often document-heavy. Keeping documents organized in a systematic way can enable the attorney to prepare for settlement and trial Grandparent Visitation, Third-Party Custody, and Guardianships Hallie Van Duren delivered a two-part presentation on the complex legal issues surrounding grandparent visitation rights, third-party custody, and guardianships. Hallie co-presented with attorney Kristen Sparks, partner at Garnholz Sparks. Typically, guardianship cases involve neglect, abuse, or the inability of the biological parents to provide a suitable environment for a child. A guardian who is appointed by the Court steps into the role of a parent in all respects. A third-party custody action can similarly result in a third-party custodian stepping completely into the role of a parent, but, unlike in guardianship cases, third-party custody can in some circumstances result in a shared custody arrangement between biological parents and non-parents. Grandparent visitation involves much more limited court-ordered contact between a grandparent and a child or children while preserving the parental right to custody. Hallie outlined the legal standards and procedures for a non-parent to seek custody or visitation of a child in each of these types of cases, emphasizing the paramount concern of establishing and preserving the child's best interests. By exploring statutes, caselaw, and examples, Hallie’s presentation analyzed which type of action would be most appropriate in different circumstances. Over the course of her two-hour presentation, Hallie examined the complex legal balance of preserving relationships between children and grandparents or other third parties while respecting parental rights. Hallie offered practical guidance for Missouri attorneys in advising clients who are either seeking to establish grandparent visitation rights, guardianship, or third-party-custody or defend against such actions.
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